¶ … F-ratio is designed in such a way that there is no individual difference with reference to contribution between denominator and numerator. The numerator of F-ratio measures the means difference that exists between one treatment to the other and the F-ratio is designed in such a way that both denominator and numerator measure exactly the same variance and when the null hypothesis is true, and there will be no systematic treatment effect. When there is no treatment effect, the F-ratio balances the numerator and denominator because both are measured exactly in the same variance, making F-ratio to have the value equal to 1.00. When a research finding concludes that F-ratio is equal to 1.00, the research will conclude that there will be no treatment effect, thus, the research will fail to reject the null hypothesis, and the null hypothesis is true. However, when the treatment effect exists, this contributes to the numerator only, which produces large value for the F-ratio. Thus, the large value indicates that there is a real treatment effect and the research should reject the null hypothesis. The numerator in the F-ratio does not include individual differences and the individual difference needs to be eliminated from the denominator to achieve the balance between numerator and denominator. (Gravetter, 2011).

2.

The T-test is appropriate to assess whether the means of two groups are statistically different, and t-test is appropriate to compare means of two groups. On the other hand, ANOVA assesses whether the means of three or more group are statistically different. ANOVA assists in comparing the means of three or more group. Thus, ANOVA should be used to carry out a research to determine the statistical differences of the means of the three or more independent (unrelated) groups. However, the t-test will not be appropriate to carry out this type of test because the t-test is only appropriate to test the different of the means of two groups.

Platt, (1998) argues that the t-test is a commonly use statistical procedure to compare the means of two different populations. The difference between the two means divided by standard deviation is known as t-distribution. Platt, (1998) further argues that t-test is appropriate to compare the means of two different group of population, however, ANOVA is an appropriate statistical tool to compare the means of three or more groups. While the t-test is appropriate to carry out the regression of only two values, the ANOVA could be used to carry out the regression...

Domestic violence is a risk factor for children because children exposed to domestic violence suffer a severe long effect from the violence. Typically, majority of offenders in juvenile and correctional institutions come from families with histories of domestic violence. Prevalence of gang membership is associated with children growing up in abusive and violent and homes.
Contrary to domestic violence, people of all ages could be exposed to drug abuse and the causes include pressure from friends, environmental factors, and peer group. Typically, 10% of people who experiment with drug later become addicted with drug. Drug abuse is associated with the misuse of illegal drugs such as marijuana, cocaine and heroine. Drug abuse is also associated with misuse of medical prescription. Among the top effect of drug abuse are:

Changes in body image

Blood shot eyes

Sore throat

Increased blood pressure and heart rate.

A gang is a group of individuals with identifiable internal organization and leadership with aim of claiming control over territory, and often engages individually or collectively in illegal behavior and other forms of violent activities. In the United States, youth gangs are on the increase and they are in virtually every…